Sneezeweed (Helenium autumnale) Overview
Common Name: Sneezeweed
Botanical Name: Helenium autumnale
Family: Asteraceae
Description
Appearance: Sneezeweed is a herbaceous perennial plant that typically grows to a height of 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 meters). It has erect, branching stems that are often purple-tinged.
Leaves: The leaves are lance-shaped, toothed, and arranged alternately along the stem. They can be up to 6 inches (15 cm) long.
Flowers: The plant produces bright yellow, daisy-like flowers from late summer to fall. The flower heads are about 1-2 inches (2.5-5 cm) across, with a prominent, dome-shaped central disc that is usually yellow or brown.
Fruit: The fruit is a small, dry achene that is dispersed by wind.
Habitat
Native Range: Sneezeweed is native to North America, particularly found in moist meadows, prairies, and along stream banks.
Soil: It prefers moist, well-drained soils but can tolerate a range of soil types.
Sunlight: It thrives in full sun to partial shade.
Ecology
Pollinators: Sneezeweed flowers attract a variety of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and other insects.
Wildlife: The plant provides habitat and food for wildlife. However, it can be toxic to livestock if consumed in large quantities.
Cultivation
Propagation: Sneezeweed can be propagated by seeds, division, or root cuttings. Seeds should be sown in the fall or stratified before planting in the spring.
Care: It requires regular watering, especially during dry periods, to maintain its moisture levels. Deadheading spent flowers can encourage prolonged blooming.
Pests and Diseases: Sneezeweed is generally resistant to pests and diseases but can occasionally be affected by powdery mildew or rust.
Uses
Traditional Uses: Historically, the dried leaves of sneezeweed were used by Native Americans to make a snuff that was inhaled to induce sneezing, believed to rid the body of evil spirits.
Ornamental: Sneezeweed is commonly used in gardens and landscaping for its bright, late-season flowers. It is often planted in wildflower gardens, borders, and as a cut flower.
Toxicity
Humans: While sneezeweed is not generally harmful to humans, its sap can cause skin irritation in sensitive individuals.
Livestock: The plant contains sesquiterpene lactones, which can be toxic to livestock if ingested in large quantities. Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, and weakness.
Conservation
Status: Sneezeweed is not currently listed as threatened or endangered. However, its natural habitats are sometimes at risk due to land development and agricultural practices.
Sneezeweed is a vibrant and beneficial plant for pollinators, making it a valuable addition to native plant gardens and naturalized areas.
